![]() ![]() ![]() Our support staff is fundamental to delivering the highest quality services to our clients. We maintain the highest ethical standards and are esteemed in our profession for our independence and our expertise. Our support staff is well-trained to assist clients with challenging economic problems and challenging data problems, including big data and data gathering. We have expertise and testifying experience across numerous economic practices. We assist clients as expert witnesses and expert witness support staff in litigation and disputes in the United States, Canada, and globally. Labor & Employment – Our expertise includes preparing economic and statistical analyses for clients both pursuing and defending wage and hour, class action, class certification, lost earnings and discrimination issues.Ĭonsumer Financial Protection – Our expertise includes providing expert witness testimony and consulting services for clients on issues of fair lending and fair housing. Intellectual Property – Our expertise includes providing expert witness testimony in patent infringement, trademark infringement, and copyright infringement cases. The effect of the wavelength of light on resolution, at a fixed numerical aperture (0.95), is listed in Table 2, with longer wavelengths producing lowered degrees of resolution.Our Economic Consulting practice has provided economic and statistical analyses for hundreds of matters including Antitrust and Competition, Intellectual Property, Labor & Employment, and Consumer Financial Protection.Īntitrust and Competition – Our expertise includes providing expert witness testimony for clients both pursuing and defending monopolization claims, class certification, and damages and loss quantification. The numerical aperture value is also important in these equations and higher numerical apertures will also produce higher resolution. It is this wavelength that was used to calculate resolution values in the Table 1. The visible light spectrum is centered at about 550 nanometers, the dominant wavelength for green light (our eyes are most sensitive to green light). Under most circumstances, microscopists use white light generated by a tungsten-halogen bulb to illuminate the specimen. Near-ultraviolet light is followed by blue, then green, and finally red light in the ability to resolve specimen detail. The greatest resolving power in optical microscopy is realized with near-ultraviolet light, the shortest effective imaging wavelength. ![]() Shorter wavelengths yield higher resolution (lower values for r) and visa versa. An important fact to note is that magnification does not appear as a factor in any of these equations, because only numerical aperture and wavelength of the illuminating light determine specimen resolution.Īs we have mentioned (and can be seen in the equations) the wavelength of light is an important factor in the resolution of a microscope. When the microscope is in perfect alignment and has the objectives appropriately matched with the substage condenser, then we can substitute the numerical aperture of the objective into equations (1) and (2), with the added result that equation (3) reduces to equation (2). Resolution 1325 urges all actors to increase the participation of women and incorporate gender perspectives in all United Nations peace and security efforts. Table 1 - Resolution and Numerical Aperture by Objective Correction The following table (Table 1) provides a list resolution ( r) and numerical aperture ( NA) values by objective magnification and correction. Other factors, such as low specimen contrast and improper illumination may serve to lower resolution and, more often than not, the real-world maximum value of r (about 0.25 µm using a mid-spectrum wavelength of 550 nanometers) and a numerical aperture of 1.35 to 1.40 are not realized in practice. In some instances, such as confocal and fluorescence microscopy, the resolution may actually exceed the limits placed by any one of these three equations. These equations are based upon a number of factors (including a variety of theoretical calculations made by optical physicists) to account for the behavior of objectives and condensers, and should not be considered an absolute value of any one general physical law. Notice that equation (1) and (2) differ by the multiplication factor, which is 0.5 for equation (1) and 0.61 for equation (2). Where r is resolution (the smallest resolvable distance between two objects), NA is a general term for the microscope numerical aperture, λ is the imaging wavelength, NA(obj) equals the objective numerical aperture, and NA(cond) is the condenser numerical aperture. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |